Internet History -- One Page Summary
The conceptual foundation for creation of the Internet was largely created by three individuals and a research conference, each of which changed the way we thought about technology by accurately predicting its future:
- Vannevar Bush wrote the first visionary description of the potential uses for information technology with his description of the "memex" automated library system.
- Norbert Wiener invented the field of Cybernetics, inspiring future researchers to focus on the use of technology to extend human capabilities.
- Marshall McLuhan made the idea of a global village interconnected by an electronic nervous system part of our popular culture.
In 1957, the Soviet Union launched the first satellite, Sputnik I, triggering US President Dwight Eisenhower to create the
ARPA agency to regain the technological lead in the arms race. ARPA appointed
J.C.R. Licklider to head the new
IPTO organization with a mandate to further the research of the
SAGE program and help protect the US against a space-based nuclear attack. Licklider evangelized within the IPTO about the potential benefits of a country-wide communications network, influencing his successors to hire
Lawrence Roberts to implement his vision.
Roberts led development of the network, based on the new idea of packet switching invented by
Paul Baran at RAND, and a few years later by
Donald Davies at the UK National Physical Laboratory. A special computer called an
Interface Message Processor was developed to realize the design, and the
ARPANET went live in early October, 1969. The first communications were between
Leonard Kleinrock's research center at the University of California at Los Angeles, and
Douglas Engelbart's center at the Stanford Research Institute.
The first networking protocol used on the ARPANET was the
Network Control Program. In 1983, it was replaced with the
TCP/IP protocol invented Wby
Robert Kahn,
Vinton Cerf, and others, which quickly became the most widely used network protocol in the world.
In 1990, the ARPANET was retired and transferred to the
NSFNET. The NSFNET was soon connected to the
CSNET, which linked Universities around North America, and then to the
EUnet, which connected research facilities in Europe. Thanks in part to the NSF's enlightened management, and fueled by the popularity of the
web, the use of the Internet exploded after 1990, causing the US Government to transfer management to
independent organizations starting in 1995.
References:
http://www.livinginternet.com/i/ii_summary.htm
